Basic skills for Health care provider on Ict and Internet

 ICT means information and communication technology

Biochemistry and metabolism are closely intertwined. biochemical principles provide the foundation for understanding

the mechanisms of metabolic pathways. metabolic processes, in turn, are essential for maintaining cellular function and homeostasis.

Biochemistry and metabolism are fundamental to understanding the complexities of life. by by studying the molecular basis of biological processes,

scientists can gain insights into health disease and the development of therapies

ICT Refer to the a broad range of technologies used for creating, exchange, and manipulating information.

This includes computers, the internet, mobile phone, and other communication devices. 

ICT is the integration of information technology(IT) and communication Technology(CT) to manage and process information.

where ICT it encompasses all devices, systems, and software used to handle information and communication process.

It includes computers, telecommunications, broadcast media, and the internet.

I. Difference between Information Technology(IT) and Communication Technology(CT)

Information Technology(IT)	Communication Technology(CT)
IT focuses primarily on the use of computers, software , and networks to store and to process and to retrieve data.	CT refers to the systems, devices, and methods used for communication between people and systems.
IT is more concerned with the technical aspects of managing it accessible, often with an organization or system.	It focus on enabling the transmission of information across various  channels, such as networks various channels such as networks and telecommunication systems.
Example: 1. Database management (EX: Oracle, My SQL) software application ( ex: Microsoft word, excel)  Hardware(Monitors, printer, Mouse	Examples: 1. Mobile Phones  2. Internet communication tool(ex: skype, WhatsApp) 3. Broadcasting tools( ex: radio, television)
IT is more concerned with the processing, storage, and management of data.	CT is focused on the communication and exchange of that across different platforms and systems.

 

II. A COMPUTER 

What is a Computer? CT is focused on the communication and exchange of that across different platforms and systems.

II. A computer

A computer  is an electronic device that can process data, preform calculations, and follow instructions provided by software. 

characteristics of computer  

Characteristics of Computer

Speed: computer can process information incredibly fast.  

Accuracy: computer can perform calculations and operations with high accuracy.

Storage:  computer can store vast amounts of data

Versatility:  computers can be used for a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations.

Reliability: Modern computers are generally very reliable and can operate for long periods without errors.

Computer Unit

As the computer has the main primarily unit of computer system

1. Input: Input units consists devices that allow users to input data into the computer. For examples including keyboards,

mouse scanners and microphones.

2. central processing unit also called CPU: this is also called the brain of the computer because the CPU

processes instructions from programs.

CPU it is consist of many unit as followed:

A. Control unit(CU): this control unit it directs operation of processor by interpreting and executing instructions.

B. Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU): ALU also preforms arithmetic and logic operations or data processing.

C. Registers: registers are a small storage location within the CPU that temporarily hold data for processing.

3. Output unit: output unit consists devices that display or produce results from the computer. For examples Monitors, printers and speakers.

III.  Components of computer and part of computer

A. Hardware: As hardware are the physical components of computer, including devices like the CPU,

memory in put/output devices( keyboard, mouse, screen), and storage devices ( hard drives, SSDs).

Hardware is responsible for carrying out the tasks required by software.

Input Devices vs. Out put devices

Input Devices: These devices allow users to enter data and instructions into the computer.

Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, webcam

Output Devices: These devices display or present the results of computer processing.

Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers, headphones  

Key Differences:

• Input: Brings data into the computer.  
• Output: Sends data out of the computer.  

• Input Devices:
• Keyboard: For entering text and commands.  
• Mouse: For controlling the cursor and selecting items.  
• Scanner: For converting physical documents into digital images.  
• Microphone: For capturing audio input.  
• Webcam: For capturing video input.  
• Output Devices:
• Monitor: Displays visual information on a screen.  
• Printer: Produces physical copies of documents.  
• Speakers: Output audio, such as music and sound effects.  
• Headphones: For private audio output.  

• Processing Unit:
• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The "brain" of the computer,

responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.         

• Storage Devices:
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Stores large amounts of data permanently.  
• Solid-State Drive (SSD): Faster storage than HDD, using flash memory.  
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data that the CPU is currently using.  
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Stores essential instructions for the computer to start up.  

Types of Memory

1. RAM in full word means Random Access Memory: RAM is the volatile memory

that temporally stores data that the CPU needs for active tasks. So it allows quick read and

write access data, and it enabling programs to run efficiently.

2. ROM in full word means Read Only Memory: this is nonvolatile memory where it stores

firmware and systems instructions that are essential for booting up the computer and also

it retains data even when the power is off.

3. secondary storage: secondary storage this nonvolatile storage that holds data permanently or

until deleted by user who put it that information. For examples includes hard drive disk (HDD) and

solid-state drives (SSD), and optical disks include CDs and DVDs)

 

• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all the other components.  
• Power Supply: Provides power to the computer system.  
• Cooling System: Keeps the computer components from overheating (e.g., fans, heat sinks).  

B. Software: The programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software consists of programs and

applications that instruct the hardware on how to perform tasks. It can be system software

(e.g: operating systems like windows or macOS) or some application software foe examples word processors and web browsers.

• Operating System: Manages the computer's hardware and

software resources (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).  

• Application Software: Programs designed for specific 

tasks (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets, games).  

IV. SPEED OF CPU

The speed of a CPU is typically measured in Hertz (Hz) or Gigahertz (GHz). Hertz: Represents one cycle per second.

Gigahertz: Represents one billion cycles per second.

• Hertz: Represents one cycle per second.  
• Gigahertz: Represents one billion cycles per second.  

What does this mean?

• CPU Cycles: CPUs operate in cycles. In each cycle, the CPU performs a basic operation,

such as fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it, and executing it.  

• Higher Clock Speed: A higher clock speed means the CPU can perform more

cycles per second, leading to faster processing speeds.       

Example:

• A CPU with a clock speed of 3.0 GHz can perform 3 billion cycles per second.  

Note: While clock speed is a key factor, it's not the only determinant of CPU performance.

Other factors like the number of cores, cache size, and CPU architecture also play significant roles.

V. COMPUTER STORAGE

Computer storage refers to the ability to hold data electronically for future use. It's like a digital memory for your computer.

Here's a breakdown of the main types:

1. Primary Storage (Volatile)

• RAM (Random Access Memory):
• Temporary storage for data that the CPU is currently using.
• Volatile: Data is lost when the power is turned off.
• Fast access speeds, crucial for running programs.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory):
• Stores essential instructions for the computer to start up (BIOS).
• Non-volatile: Data is retained even when the power is off.
• Typically, cannot be modified by the user.

2. Secondary Storage (Non-Volatile)

• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):
• Traditional storage, using spinning magnetic platters.
• Relatively inexpensive, but slower than SSDs.
• Solid-State Drives (SSDs):
• Use flash memory for faster data access and no moving parts.
• More expensive than HDDs, but significantly faster.
• Optical Drives:
• Use lasers to read and write data on CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays.
• Primarily used for storing and playing media.
• External Storage:
• Portable drives like USB flash drives, external hard drives.
• Convenient for transferring data between computers.

3. Cloud Storage:

• Data stored on remote servers accessible via the internet.
• Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud.
• Convenient for accessing data from any device with internet access

VI. INTERNET

Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers and allows for the sharing of data and communication across borders.

The purpose of internet is: 

1. To connects computers and to allow the sharing of data and communication across borders.

2. To provides access to fast vary of services like web browsing and social media, and files sharing.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTRANET AND INTERNET

The difference between an intranet and the internet lies in their scope and accessibility.  

Intranet

• Private: An intranet is a private network within an organization, accessible only to authorized members (employees, contractors).  
• Internal: Designed for internal communication, collaboration, and information sharing within the organization.  
• Secure: Protected by firewalls and other security measures to prevent unauthorized access.  
• Limited Access: Only authorized users can access the intranet.  
• Examples: Company news, employee directories, project collaboration tools.  

Internet

• Public: A global network accessible to anyone with an internet connection.  
• External: Connects people and devices worldwide.  
• Open: Anyone can access information and services available on the internet.  
• Unrestricted Access: No limitations on who can access the internet.  
• Examples: Websites, social media, online shopping, email.

In essence:

• Intranet: A private network within an organization for internal use.  
• Internet: A global, public network accessible to everyone.  

 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET AND INTRANET

INTERNET	INTRANET
Internet is a global network which is used by every one that connect millions of computers and allows for the sharing of data and communication across borders.	Intranet is a private network confined to a specific organization or entity.
It provides access to fats vary of services includes web browsing, and social media, and file sharing.	It provides a secure platform for employees or members to share information, resources, and collaborate, but it is not accessible to the General Public.

 

VII. STEPS USED TO CREATE AN EMAIL ACCOUNT IN Gmail. 

This is the steps followed to create a Gmail Account.

STEP 1: open web browsing according to your choices for example google chrome and others web browsing

STEP 2: Go to the Gmail website by writing www.gmail.com Then click enter

STEP 3: click on “Create account” and then click enter.

STEP 4: fill your personal information including your names, desired email, address and

password to use while you are entering on your account.

STEP 5: Complete the verification process for examples phone number or CAPTCHA

STEP 6: click on agree to googles terms and privacy policy.

STEP 7: set up recovery options include email, phone number for account security.

STEP 8: Click to the NEXT to finish and access your new Gmail account.

Those are steps used to create email account.

Some Practical users of Email in Academic or professional settings includes the followings.

1.Communication with professors or colleagues: here email allows students and professors easily to

communicate and exchange information such as assignments, feedback or project details.

2. In Job Applications: Email is commonly used to resumes, cover letters and other application materials to potential employers.

3. In Networking and professional development: email is an essential tool for networking, joining professional groups,

and receiving updates from organizations or industry leaders.

VIII. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND SECURITY

Computer virus is defined as a type of malicious software designed to spread from one computer

to another computer and interfere with the operation of a computer systems. Also it can corrupt or delete data,

slowdown system performance, or cause other destructive effects.

How computer virus spreads: viruses typically spread through infected files, email attachments,

websites, or removable media for examples USB drives. So once a virus is activated,

it can replicate itself and cause or infect other systems.

Types of Malicious Software

Here below there are three types of malicious software:

1. Worms: worms these are self-replicating programs spread without human intervention.

They often exploit vulnerabilities in software or networks.

2. Trojan horses: these are disguise themselves as legitimate software or files but contain harmful code.

They often trick users into downloading them.

3. Spyware: these are malicious software that collects user information without their consent,

often for advertising or criminal purposes.

Here are the best practices for preventing viruses and maintaining computer security.

1. By use antivirus software: in order to prevent viruses in computer we can setting antiviruses which help to fight against that viruses.

Remember that there are some antiviruses that act as viruses. Before you install it verify.

2. By avoiding suspicious links and attachments: avoid or do not open email attachments or click on links from unknown or

suspicious sources.

3. By Keeping your software updated: here you can install security updates for your operating system and applications for

fix vulnerabilities that malware could exploit.

IX. DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE

DATA	INFORMATION	KNOWLEDGE
Data are raw facts or figures without meaning or context	Information are data which is processed and organized to provide context or meaning.	Knowledge are information that has been processed, interpreted, and understood.
Example: Number like “22,33,45” are data without meaning	Example: 22 students passed, 33 students failed, 45 students were absent because information it tells us something about students’ performance.	Example: the majority of students who failed were absent for key lessons.   This is knowledge because it provides insight into the data.